Implications of these results regarding intervention programs aimed at preventing substance use in adolescence are discussed. Students participating in the program demonstrated changes in the desired direction on alcohol frequency and intoxication episodes. The results indicated that a culturally adapted version of Mantente REAL was effective in preventing alcohol use among youth from northern and southern Spain. Pre-test and post-test questionnaires data were collected to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The 12 schools were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, six to each condition. The sample was composed of 755 adolescents from 12 state secondary schools in Spain, aged 11 to 15 ( M = 12.24, SD = 0.56), 47.1% females. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Mantente REAL on alcohol use in the Spanish context. This program, which is a culturally adapted version of the Keepin’ it REAL intervention, focuses on skills training for resisting social pressure to use drugs and improving psychosocial development. Support JSTOR Daily! Join our new membership program on Patreon today.Mantente REAL is a school-based universal program to prevent drug use and other problematic behaviors specifically designed to be implemented in schools at the beginning of adolescence. “To me they speak of the tragic moment of historical transition, a moment of heartbreaking replacement of one worldview for another, a moment that would inevitably lead to numerous deaths, countless species extinctions, and an assault upon the land that continues to this day.” “You could ask, do I find these tales of unnecessary hunger so compelling?” writes Paravisini-Gebert. The Spanish devastation of the landscape would set in place the pattern of exploitation and erasure that they would continue to follow for centuries. These invaders erased and rewrote the native biodiversity, giving themselves “ready access to plentiful and familiar food through minimal effort on their part.” They brought over more “familiar” animals, like domesticated cows, sheep, goats, and horses. They manipulated the environment to suit their needs, introducing European crops like wheat and sugarcane.
“In order to live,” wrote Oviedo, the Spaniards “did not show any mercy to beast or animal any animal they could find ended up in the fire, boiled or roasted, there was no lack of appetite for eating things that were frightful to the eye.”Īfter destroying whatever resources they could get their hands on, the colonizers began a campaign to replace the “foreign” flora and fauna with something more familiar. The colonists were so desperate that they even ate lizards, salamanders, and snakes. This first food crisis set several species on the path to extinction, including the Taínos’ mute hunting dogs and several endemic species of rodent.
To compensate, “the besieged conquerors resorted to eating everything in sight, with dire consequences for some species of fauna-and themselves,” Paravisini-Gebert writes.
(“It is a sad fate to die slowly from hunger within a few minutes’ walk from a seemingly endless supply of mangoes, papayas or avocados,” laments Paravisini-Gebert.) But, lacking knowledge and fearful of the untamed forests, they were unable to take advantage of the island’s native vegetation. In historical records, Spanish colonist Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo refers to the event as the natives’ “evil scheme.” He describes the crisis in grim detail: death caused by starvation left “a pervasive pestiferous stench over the land.” Death caused by starvation left “a pervasive pestiferous stench over the land.”
0 kommentar(er)
